El Protocolo de Kioto vencía en 2013. Su necesaria continuación se empezó a gestar en la Cumbre de la ONU sobre Cambio Climático de Bali 2007 (COP 13), pero fracasó en la COP15 de Copenhague 2009. Las COP posteriores (de Cancún 2010 a Katowice 2018, incluido el frágil Acuerdo de París en la COP21 de 2015) obtuvieron resultados escasos. La COP25 se celebró en 2019 en Madrid (tras renunciar Chile). La COP26, a celebar en Glasgow, se aplazó por la pandemia hasta noviembre de 2021.
viernes, 27 de febrero de 2009
El acuerdo de Kyoto cumple 12 años con la vista puesta en Copenhague (aquieuropa.com)
martes, 2 de diciembre de 2008
Why does Poznan matter? (openDemocracy.net)
Why does Poznan matter?
[1]United Nations-led talks in Poznan, Poland – which start today – will mark the half-way stage of negotiations to form a new global agreement to prevent dangerous climate change. The process began last year at a conference in Bali, Indonesia [2] and will end in Copenhagen, Denmark [3], in December 2009 [4]. The agreement will succeed the Kyoto Protocol [5], which expires in 2012. Yvo De Boer, [6] executive director of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC [7]), called it “one of the most complicated negotiating processes the international community has ever seen.” It is also one of the most important.
Like last year's meeting in Bali, Poznan will play host to a vast array of national representatives, as well as intergovernmental organisations, non-governmental groups and the world’s media. This assessment comes to us from chinadialogue [8]'s “Bali to Copenhagen [9]” project.
Why does it matter?
The conference will be an opportunity to push forward a difficult negotiating process: after a year of exploration and consideration of new ideas, the UNFCCC will circulate at Poznan the first draft of a new global agreement. This text will be considered, argued over and redrafted in the coming year, before, hopefully, being finalised at the Copenhagen conference.
However, with global economic conditions in a state of flux, there is also the fear that negotiations could lose crucial momentum. It doesn’t help, either, that Poznan will mark the last gasp of the uncooperative Bush administration [10] of the United States, or that the conference will be hosted by Poland, a country unsure if its interests are compatible with significant reductions in carbon-dioxide emissions. Poznan may only be a step along the way to Copenhagen, but if things go badly it could be a serious roadblock, ruining chances of any serious agreement being reached next year.
What issues are on the table?
The key to any new agreement will be the level of commitment taken on by developed countries. They, in turn, will need firmer commitments from the largest developing countries. Poznan will see some discussion of the form these commitments could take: it is generally accepted that rich nations will take on deeper emissions cuts in exchange for voluntary reductions from their developing counterparts. Crucial to any new agreement will be how to make emissions reductions measurable, reportable and verifiable. This issue, however, is likely to be deferred until the Copenhagen meeting.
A lot can be achieved at Poznan if things go smoothly. The conference is not only about the next global agreement, but also what can be done now to improve the Kyoto Protocol until it expires. The UN will also be putting some firm measures in place, including a global adaptation fund to help poorer countries already feeling the impacts of climate change. The fund will draw revenues from a levy on the global emissions scheme, the Clean Development Mechanism [11].
There will be serious discussion of how to effectively finance low-carbon development and how to facilitate the transfer of clean technologies. Other issues on the table include reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and reform of the Clean Development Mechanism.
Who are the major players?
The European Union and the US are the crucial players in the developed world. China and India are the most important developing nations. As well as being major emitters, together they hold the key to forming a new agreement.
Will the US change its position?
There will only be one US delegation at the conference and it will be led by representatives of the Bush administration. This means significant changes to the American position are unlikely at Poznan. However, many nations are already beginning to informally seek the opinion of president-elect Barack Obama and his transition team, and members of Congress attending the conference will report back to Obama, who has sent a strong signal by promising that when he becomes president “the United States will once again engage vigorously in these negotiations, and help lead the world toward a new era of global cooperation on climate change.”
What about China?
China is now seeking significant technological assistance and financial support as part of a new global deal. Tang Xuepeng [12] writes onchinadialogue that the Chinese government supports a proposal for developed nations to contribute 1% of their GDP to aid the transfer of clean energy technologies to developing nations. Some experts argue that China already possesses most of the relevant technology and expertise, and that calls for further assistance are a delaying tactic to stave off calls, from the EU and others, that China take on emissions reductions signficantly below business-as-usual levels as part of a global deal.
Who else should I watch?
Observers will also be following Canada and Japan closely. Both countries have had significant problems meeting their Kyoto targets and could alter long-held positions: though neither is likely to opt out of the process entirely, they are unlikely to push for stringent reduction targets. There are also dissenting voices within Europe. For instance, Italy has been voicing concerns about far-reaching EU targets.
What about the hosts?
Despite its membership of the EU, Polish concerns are closer to those of economies in transition, such as Russia, and advanced developing countries like China. Many in Poland are concerned about the country’s ability to meet its EU-mandated targets while continuing to grow and rebuild its industry. Poland has a power sector dominated by carbon-intensive coal-fired power plants, and large coal reserves. At the Kyoto conference in 1997, host nation Japan took on considerable emissions reduction commitments as a means of securing a global agreement. In contrast, Poland is unlikely to seek to promote far-reaching commitments that might negatively impact its economy.
How will the global financial crisis affect the talks?
The economic downturn will have implications for these talks. Considering the state of the markets, it is “fortunate that a deal does not have to be done in Poznan” De Boer remarked recently. However, UN secretary general Ban Ki-Moon [13] has argued that the global financial meltdown can actually provide an opportunity to address global warming. In a joint statement with the leaders of Indonesia, Poland and Denmark he asserted that nations need to find “common solutions to the grave challenges facing us. And when it comes to two of the most serious -- the financial crisis and climate change -- that answer is the green economy.”
Poznan may be marked by difficult, complex negotiations, but it is an important step on the road to Copenhagen and a new global deal that will determine our common futures.
Tan Copsey is development manager at chinadialogue [14].
jueves, 27 de noviembre de 2008
"El presidente electo ha sido más listo que nosotros" 350 | Global Warming. Global Action. Global Future.
A través de una videoconferencia (no emisora de CO2) destinada a un grupo de líderes mundiales, Obama afirmó que el hecho de que George Bush fuera todavía el presidente haría que no pudiera asistir a la próxima ronda de negociaciones internacionales en Polonia el mes siguiente. Sin embargo, no hizo caso omiso al pedido de casi 50.000 invitaciones enviadas por todos ustedes a través de la página Web de 350.org para que viajara.
A continuación, lee el pasaje donde Obama se refiere a lo mencionado anteriormente:
"Quiero también dedicar unas palabras especiales a todos aquellos delegados de diferentes partes del mundo que se reunirán en Polonia el próximo mes; el trabajo que tienen por delante es vital para el planeta. Ya que para cuando se reúnan todavía no seré presidente, y ya que los Estados Unidos sólo tienen un presidente a la vez, les he pedido a aquellos miembros del Congreso que asistirán que me informen sobre lo discutido una vez de regreso. Cuando asuma como presidente, pueden estar seguros de que los Estados Unidos volverán a estar presentes en estas negociaciones y aportarán liderazgo para que el mundo entre en una nueva era de cooperación internacional sobre el cambio climático."
¿Por qué es tan importante lo que acaba de decir Obama?
Porque durante ocho años los Estados Unidos han bloqueado cualquier avance sobre un acuerdo internacional sobre el clima. Ahora, en medio de una crisis económica y con una infinidad de temas por abordar, el presidente electo Obama se tomó el momento para hacer esta especial afirmación sobre el compromiso del país para volver a estar presentes en las próximas negociaciones. Muchos países verán como un gran avance un compromiso de este tipo.
Ustedes han hecho esto posible gracias al compromiso que manifestaron en esta campaña. Los políticos no dan "discursos especiales" a menos que se los empuje a ello, y ustedes sus miles de invitaciones y cartas al editor han conseguido justo ésto.
viernes, 18 de abril de 2008
Llueven las críticas sobre Bush y su plan "del Neanderthal"
Sarkozy, dramático
En la clausura del MEM, el Presidente francés, Nicolas Sarkozy llamó a las principales economías mundiales a una lucha más rápida contra el calentamiento, a la que urgen las nuevas pruebas científicas que confirman las peores predicciones al respecto. Sarkozy dio una nota pesimista e interpeló a los mayores contaminadores mundiales para decirles que el calentamiento global se está convirtiendo en un vector de hambre, disturbios y conflictos, y los instó a abandonar sus estrategias defensivas ante acontecimientos que describió como “catastróficos”.
"Debemos actuar", dijo Sarkozy a los delegados. "Siguen llegando malas noticias. Los modelos científicos y las observaciones empíricas indican que los acontecimientos confirman las predicciones más sombrías de los expertos”.
AFP - Bush under fire at Paris climate meeting